Quiste Vallecular: Caso clínico de estridor agudo / Vallecular cyst: clinical case of acute stridor

El enfrentamiento de estridor en el Servicio de Urgencias puede ser un desafío para el clínico. La mayoría de los pacientes responderán a medidas estándar de anafilaxia, no obstante, ante pacientes refractarios a tratamiento se deben sospechar otras patologías. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente refractaria a manejo de anafilaxia. Se realiza videolaringoscopía que identifica quiste de vallécula y se maneja mediante protección de vía aérea con intubación orotraqueal. Se decide escisión quirúrgica, en la cual se identifica estenosis subglótica que requiere instalación de traqueostomía. La paciente evoluciona favorablemente y es dada de alta.

Coping with stridor in the Emergency Department can challenge the clinician. Most patients respond to standard anaphylaxis measures. The clinician should suspect other differential diagnoses when patients are refractory to treatment. We present the clinical case of a patient refractory to standard anaphylaxis management. A video laryngoscopy was performed, identifying a vallecula cyst. We secured the airway through orotracheal intubation. The surgical team of our hospital performed a surgical excision of the cyst and identified subglottic stenosis, which required the installation of a tracheostomy. The patient evolved favorably in the postoperative period and was discharged.

Opinião de fonoaudiólogos sobre uso da fotobiomodulação na clínica vocal / Opinion of speech-language pathologist on the use of photobiomodulation in the vocal clinic

RESUMO Objetivo investigar a opinião de fonoaudiólogos brasileiros sobre a formação, atuação e parâmetros utilizados para aplicação da fotobiomodulação (PBM) na clínica vocal. Método utilizou-se uma websurvey no Google Forms composta por questões relacionadas à formação, atuação profissional e conhecimentos sobre a PBM na área de voz. Participaram 29 fonoaudiólogos, de ambos os sexos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a estatística descritiva. Resultados todos os participantes conheciam os fundamentos teóricos da PBM e entre eles, vinte e oito (96,6%) conheciam sua utilização especificamente na área de voz; vinte e cinco respondentes (86,2%) possuíam aparelho para fazer a irradiação e todos o utilizavam rotineiramente em sua prática clínica em voz. A maioria (28, 96,6%) participou de curso de capacitação em PBM, incluindo abordagens específicas para a área de voz. Os participantes afirmaram que a PBM é um recurso que pode ser utilizado na área de voz para melhorar a performance na voz cantada (25, 86,2%) e falada (24, 82,8%), além da sua aplicação em casos de processos inflamatórios nas pregas vocais (23, 79,3%). Quanto aos parâmetros de dosimetria, o comprimento de onda mais utilizado foi de 808 - 830nm (11, 37,9%) e 660/808nm simultaneamente (11, 37,9%), com dose de 3-5 J por ponto para os pacientes com processos inflamatórios nas pregas vocais (15, 51,7%,) e de 6-9 J (13, 44,8%) por ponto para os pacientes cujo objetivo era o aperfeiçoamento/condicionamento. Conclusão os participantes do estudo demonstraram ter conhecimento e formação em PBM e suas aplicabilidades para a área de voz.

ABSTRACT Purpose to investigate the opinion of Brazilian speech-language pathologists on the training, performance, and parameters used for the application of photobiomodulation (PBM) in the vocal clinic. Methods observational, cross-sectional, and quantitative study, carried out through a web survey hosted on the Google Forms digital platform, composed of questions related to training, professional performance, and knowledge about PBM in the voice area. Twenty-nine speech-language pathologists of both sexes participated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results all participants knew the theoretical foundations of PBM, and among them, 28 (96.6%) knew its use specifically in the voice area; twenty-five respondents (86.2%) had a device to perform the irradiation, and all of them used it routinely in their clinical practice in voice. The majority (96.6%, 28) participated in a PBM training course, including specific approaches to the voice area. Participants stated that PBM is a resource that can be used in the area of ​​voice to improve performance in sung (86.2%, 25) and spoken (82.8%, 24), in addition to its application in cases of inflammatory processes in the vocal folds (79.3%, 23). As for dosimetry parameters, the most used wavelength was 808 - 830nm (37.9%, 11) and 660/808nm simultaneously (37.9%, 11), with a dose of 3-5 J per point for the patients with inflammatory processes in the vocal folds (51.7%, 15) and 6-9 J (44.8%, 13) per point for patients whose objective was improvement/conditioning. Conclusion the study participants demonstrated knowledge and training in PBM and its applicability to the voice area.

Prevalencia de estenosis subglótica posintubación en paciente pediátrico en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia entre 2017 y 2020 / Prevalence of pediatric postintubation subglottic stenosis in a third level hospital in Colombia between 2017 and 2020

Introducción: la intubación orotraqueal en pediatría aumenta la supervivencia en patologías graves; sin embargo, una consecuencia es el desarrollo de estenosis subglótica cuya población tiene más riesgo de desarrollarla por diferencias anatómicas con los adultos. La incidencia de estenosis subglótica posterior a intubación orotraqueal ha disminuido en el tiempo según lo reportado en la literatura. En este estudio se evaluó la prevalencia de la patología en nuestra población y su objetivo fue describir las características clínicas, demográficas y diagnósticas en población pediátrica, diagnosticados con estenosis subglótica en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación, posterior a intubación orotraqueal y evaluar la prevalencia del diagnóstico en el período mencionado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes con códigos CIE 10 de estenosis laríngea o subglótica secundaria a procedimientos y con código CUPS de intubación orotraqueal; se realiza un análisis descriptivo según la distribución de las variables. Resultados: la prevalencia de estenosis subglótica fue del 13 %. La mayoría fueron hombres, la causa principal de intubación fueron las infecciones respiratorias inferiores, principalmente bronquiolitis; las comorbilidades fueron prematuridad, trastorno de deglución y síndrome bronco-obstructivo. Hubo una mediana 19 días de intubación y las estenosis de bajo grado se diagnosticaron más frecuente. Conclusiones: la estenosis subglótica es una complicación de la intubación orotraqueal pediátrica, en este estudio con una prevalencia del 13 %. Los pacientes que desarrollan esta patología requieren la realización de uno o más procedimientos para obtener una vía aérea permeable con estancias hospitalarias prolongadas.

Introduction: Pediatric orotracheal intubation has increased survival rates in severe illnesses; however, one of the consequences maybe the development of subglottic stenosis. This population is at a higher risk of developing it due to anatomical diffe-rences compared to adults. The incidence of subglottic stenosis following orotracheal intubation has decreased over time as reported in the literature. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of this condition in our population and describe the clinical, demographic, and diagnostic characteristics in the pediatric population diagnosed with subglottic stenosis following orotracheal intubation at the San Vicente Fun-dación Hospital. Additionally, it aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this diagnosis during the mentioned period. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of patients with ICD-10 codes for laryn-geal stenosis and for subglottic stenosis secondary to procedures. Also, the patients with the procedure code for orotracheal intubation were identified. A descriptive analysis was performed based on the distribution of variables. Results: The preva-lence of subglottic stenosis was 13%. There was a majority of male cases, and the primary cause of intubation was lower respiratory tract infection, mainly bronchio-litis. The most frequent comorbidities included prematurity, swallowing disorders, and broncho-obstructive syndrome. Median duration of intubation was 19 days, and lower-grade stenosis was more commonly encountered. Conclusions: Subglottic ste-nosis is a complication of pediatric orotracheal intubation, with a prevalence of 13% in this study. Patients who develop this condition require one or more procedures to establish a patent airway and often experience prolonged hospital stays.

Quiste subglótico adquirido como causa inhabitual de estridor en pediatría. Revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso / Subglottic cyst as an unusual cause of stridor in pediatric patients. Literature review and case report

El estridor corresponde a un signo altamente frecuente, sin embargo, es heterogéneo e inespecífico. Existen múltiples causas conocidas y manejadas por el otorrinolaringólogo. Los quistes subglóticos constituyen una entidad infrecuente de estridor en pediatría, siendo la población más frecuentemente afectada, niños con antecedentes de prematurez e intubación por períodos prolongados. Su manifestación clínica es variada, desde cuadros asintomáticos a pacientes con riesgo inminente de pérdida de la vía aérea. El diagnóstico suele ser tras largos períodos desde el antecedente de intubación. Su resolución suele ser quirúrgica, teniendo como principal complicación asociada la estenosis subglótica y las recurrencias. Se presenta el caso de una preescolar con un episodio de estridor y distrés respiratorio rápidamente progresivos, cuyo diagnóstico intraoperatorio resultó en quistes subglóticos submucosos bilaterales, que requirieron resolución quirúrgica.

Stridor corresponds to a highly frequent sign; however, it is heterogeneous and nonspecific. There are multiple causes that are widely known and managed by the otorhinolaryngolo-gist. Subglottic cysts are an infrequent entity of stridor in pediatric patients, where the most frequently affected population are childrens with history of prematurity and intubation for long periods. It's clinical manifestations are wide, from asymptomatic cases to patients with imminent risk of airway loss. Their manifestation its often after long periods after the moment of intubation. The management often involves surgery, and the main associated complication is subglottic stenosis and recurrences. We present the case of a preschool girl with an episode of rapidly progressive stridor and respiratory distress; whose intraoperative diagnosis was bilateral subglottic submucosal cysts that required surgical resolution.

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal miR-653-5p suppresses laryngeal papilloma progression by inhibiting BZW2

Abstract Objectives: Although miR-653-5p has been validated to participate in the progression of multiple types of cancer, the functional role of exosomal miR-653-5p derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Laryngeal Papilloma (LP) has still remained elusive. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of MSCs-derived exosomal miR-653-5p in LP. Methods: LP tissues (n = 15) and adjacent normal tissues (n = 10) were collected to examine the expression level of miR-653-5p. The expression level of miR-653-5p in LP cells and normal cells was also detected. Then, miR-653-5p was overexpressed or silenced to explore its effects on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of LP cells. Thereafter, the effects of exosomal miR-653-5p derived from MSCs on LP cell progression and the potential regulatory mechanism of miR-653-5p were assessed. Results: It was revealed that the expression level of miR-653-5p was downregulated in LP tissues and cells. In addition, miR-653-5p suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of LP cells. Exosomes derived from MSCs played a suppressive role in LP development and mediated the transmission of miR-653-5p to LP cells. Further exploration identified Basic leucine Zipper and W2 domains 2 (BZW2) as the target of miR-653-5p. More importantly, the rescue experiments revealed that MSCs-secreted exosomal miR-653-5p efficiently inhibited the aggressive phenotypes of LP cells, which could be significantly reversed by BZW2 overexpression in LP cells. Conclusion: MSCs-derived exosomal miR-653-5p exerted inhibitory effects on LP progression through targeting BZW2, which provided a novel idea for the therapy of LP. Clinical Trial registration number: chictr-ior-17011021.

Aspectos clínicos asociados al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la aspergilosis laríngea en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Clinical aspects associated with the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients

INTRODUCCIÓN. La aspergilosis laríngea en individuos inmunocompetentes, aunque rara, se reporta cada vez con más frecuencia; por lo cual, es necesario comprender mejor los aspectos clínicos y terapéuticos más adecuados para abordar su atención. OBJETIVO. Documentar los aspectos clínicos asociados al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la aspergilosis laríngea en sujetos inmunocompetentes. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizó un estudio Bibliográfico Narrativo de carácter retrospectivo, donde se evaluaron los casos clínicos reportados de personas inmunocompetentes con aspergilosis laríngea desde el año 1983 hasta el 2022. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline y ScienceDirect, y se incluyeron todos los casos reportados en sujetos inmunocompetentes. RESULTADOS. Se identificaron 30 casos clínicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión dentro de un grupo de 586 artículos revisados. El patógeno más reportado fue Aspergillus fumigatus y la evaluación histopatológica la principal herramienta para diagnosticar la aspergilosis. Se reportaron más casos en mujeres con un 58%. La mayor incidencia se observó en sujetos entre 20 y 49 años de edad. Los síntomas más comunes fueron disfonía, disnea y tos. El tratamiento farmacológico empleado actualmente es el Itraconazol seguido por el Voriconazol. CONCLUSIONES. La evidencia reportada mostró que la aspergilosis laríngea en pacientes inmunocompetentes podría estar dejando de ser un evento "poco común" por lo que debe prestarse más atención a su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION. Laryngeal aspergillosis in immunocompetent individuals, although rare, is reported with increasing frequency; therefore, it is necessary to better understand the most appropriate clinical and therapeutic aspects to address its care. OBJECTIVE. To document the clinical aspects associated with the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal aspergillosis in immunocompetent subjects. METHODOLOGY. A retrospective Narrative Bibliographic study was performed, where clinical case reports of immunocompetent subjects with laryngeal aspergillosis from 1983 to 2022 were evaluated. A literature review was performed in PubMed/Medline and ScienceDirect databases, and all reported cases in immunocompetent subjects were included. RESULTS. Thirty clinical cases that met the inclusion criteria were identified from a pool of 586 articles reviewed. The most reported pathogen was Aspergillus fumigatus and histopathologic evaluation the main tool for diagnosing aspergillosis. More cases were reported in women with 58%. The highest incidence was observed in subjects between 20 and 49 years of age. The most common symptoms were dysphonia, dyspnea and cough. The pharmacological treatment currently used is Itraconazole followed by Voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS. The evidence reported showed that laryngeal aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients may no longer be a "rare" event and more attention should be paid to its diagnosis and treatment.

Obstrucción laríngea inducible (OLI): una revisión actualizada de la literatura

La obstrucción laríngea inducible se ha descrito como un trastorno de la respiración que se presenta, habitualmente, como dificultad respiratoria aguda por aducción anormal de los pliegues vocales, típicamente, durante la inspiración. Es más frecuente en mujeres y adultos, que en adolescentes. Es difícil estimar la incidencia exacta dada la heterogeneidad de los criterios diagnósticos y nomenclatura, asociado al frecuente subdiagnóstico de esta entidad. Por ello, en la literatura se ha reportado la prevalencia de acuerdo con las subpoblaciones de pacientes, describiendo que alrededor de un 2,8% de los pacientes que consultan en el servicio de urgencia por disnea podría corresponder a esta patología. El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico, con confirmación mediante laringoscopia flexible. Se apoya en exámenes de función respiratoria, especialmente para descartar otras patologías pulmonares que expliquen el cuadro. El tratamiento es sencillo y, suele ser exitoso, tanto en situaciones agudas como crónicas. Sin embargo, se ha descrito, frecuentemente, un retraso en el diagnóstico, debido a desconocimiento de esta patología.

Induced laryngeal obstruction has been described as a respiratory disorder, usually presenting as an acute respiratory distress due to abnormal adduction of the vocal folds, typically during inspiration. It is more frequent in women and adults, than adolescents. It is difficult to estimate its exact incidence given the heterogeneity of the diagnostic criteria and nomenclature, together with its common underdiagnosis. Hence, studies have reported its prevalence according to the subpopulations within this entity, with a prevalence of 2.8% in patients who consult in the emergency room for dyspnea. The diagnosis is based upon clinical presentation, confirmed by flexible laryngoscopy, and supported by respiratory function exams to rule out other pulmonary diseases with similar symptoms. Its treatment is simple and usually successful, in both acute and chronic situations. However, a delay in the diagnosis has been frequently described, due to unawareness of this disorder.

Videolaryngoscopy Findings of the Vocal Health Program in Dysphonic Teachers in the Federal District, Brazil

Abstract Introduction The high phonatory demand required of teachers is a direct cause of the onset of vocal symptoms and of the development of laryngeal disorders. Objective To describe the findings of the laryngeal screening performed as part of the Vocal Health Program held in the Federal Distrcit of Brazil in 2014 and 2015. Methods The study was performed with 361 dysphonic teachers from public schools who attended the laryngeal screening (videolaryngoscopy) part of the program. Data on anamnesis, the degree of dysphonia, the findings of the laryngeal screening, the referrals made after the laryngeal screening, and the result of the assessment of vocal aptitude for work were analyzed from the forms of each participating teacher. Results The sample of the present study (N= 361) represents 18.23% of the 1,980 teachers that went through the vocal screening of the program in 2014 and 2015. In total, 98 (27.15%) teachers presented mild dysphonia, 221 (61.22%), moderate dysphonia, and 42, (11.63%) severe dysphonia. Regarding the laryngeal screening (videolaryngoscopy exam), 269 teachers (74.52%) presented laryngeal disorders, and the main ones found were vocal nodules (43.87%), signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux (37.17%), hourglass chink (18.22%), vascular dysgenesis (18.22%), midposterior triangular chink (9.67%), and double chink (8.55%). Conclusion Laryngeal screening through videolaryngoscopy and auditory-perceptual screening of the voice as part of vocal health programs are essential to define the diagnosis and therapeutic conduct for teachers with dysphonia. Together with intervention activities, continuing education and adequate and accessible treatment, the periodic evaluation of vocal health can contribute to reduce absenteeism and improve the quality of life and of the voice of teachers.

Wavelet packet transform and multilayer perceptron to identify voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation / Transformada Wavelet packet y Perceptrón Multicapa para identificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal

Introduction. Laryngeal disorders are characterized by a change in the vibratory pattern of the vocal folds. This disorder may have an organic origin described by anatomical fold modification, or a functional origin caused by vocal abuse or misuse. The most common diagnostic methods are performed by invasive imaging features that cause patient discomfort. In addition, mild voice deviations do not stop the in-dividual from using their voices, which makes it difficult to identify the problem and increases the possibility of complications. Aim. For those reasons, the goal of the present paper was to develop a noninvasive alternative for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation ap-plying the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Methods. A dataset of 74 audio files were used. Shannon energy and entropy mea-sures were extracted using the Daubechies 2 and Symlet 2 families and then the processing step was performed with the MLP ANN. Results. The Symlet 2 family was more efficient in its generalization, obtaining 99.75% and 99.56% accuracy by using Shannon energy and entropy measures, re-spectively. The Daubechies 2 family, however, obtained lower accuracy rates: 91.17% and 70.01%, respectively. Conclusion. The combination of WPT and MLP presented high accuracy for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation

ntroducción. Los trastornos laríngeos se caracterizan por un cambio en el patrón vibratorio de los pliegues vocales. Este trastorno puede tener un origen orgánico, descrito como la modificación anatómica de los pliegues vocales, o de origen fun-cional, provocado por abuso o mal uso de la voz. Los métodos de diagnóstico más comunes se realizan mediante procedimientos invasivos que causan malestar al pa-ciente. Además, los desvíos vocales de grado leve no impiden que el individuo utilice la voz, lo que dificulta la identificación del problema y aumenta la posibilidad de complicaciones futuras.Objetivo. Por esas razones, el objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar una he-rramienta alternativa, no invasiva para la identificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal aplicando Transformada Wavelet Packet (WPT) y la red neuronal artifi-cial del tipo Perceptrón Mutlicapa (PMC). Métodos. Fue utilizado un banco de datos con 78 voces. Fueron extraídas las me-didas de energía y entropía de Shannon usando las familias Daubechies 2 y Symlet 2 para después aplicar la red neuronal PMC. Resultados. La familia Symlet 2 fue más eficiente en su generalización, obteniendo un 99.75% y un 99.56% de precisión mediante el uso de medidas de energía y en-tropía de Shannon, respectivamente. La familia Daubechies 2, sin embargo, obtuvo menores índices de precisión: 91.17% y 70.01%, respectivamente. Conclusión. La combinación de WPT y PMC presentó alta precisión para la iden-tificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal

Efeito imediato de diferentes exercícios no espaço vocálico de mulheres com e sem nódulos vocais / Immediate effect of different exercises in the vocal space of women with and without vocal nodules

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o efeito imediato da vibração sonorizada de língua (VSL), do canudo de alta resistência no ar (CAR) e da sobrearticulação (SA) sobre o espaço vocálico de mulheres vocalmente saudáveis (MVS) e com nódulos vocais (MNV). Método Participaram 12 mulheres no MNV e 12 mulheres no MVS, alocadas para execução dos exercícios vocais de VSL, CAR e AS. Cada participante realizou apenas um dos três exercícios propostos, durante 5 minutos, antecedidos e sucedidos pela gravação de uma sequência de frases-veículo para extração dos formantes (F1 e F2) dos segmentos vocálicos [a, i, u]. O espaço vocálico foi analisado por meio das diferenças entre as medidas dos formantes das vogais. Resultados houve redução de F1 no intervalo [a]-[i] e [i]-[u] e de F2 entre as vogais [a]-[u] e [i]-[u] no MVS, após realização do CAR. No MNV, observou-se redução de F2 no intervalo [a]-[i] após VSL. Na análise intergrupo, houve maiores valores de F1 entre os intervalos das vogais [a]-[i] e [i]-[u] no MVS, antes da realização do CAR, e após exercício apenas no intervalo [a]-[i]. Observou-se maior valor de F1 e F2 no intervalo entre as vogais [i]-[u] no MNV após VSL. Conclusão O exercício de VSL diminuiu o espaço vocálico em mulheres do MNV. O CAR reduziu o espaço vocálico de mulheres do MVS. O MNV apresentou menor espaço vocálico em relação ao MVS, antes e após a realização do CAR. Houve redução do espaço vocálico no MNV em relação ao MNV após o exercício de VSL.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the immediate effect of voiced tongue vibration (VSL), high-resistance straw in the air (CAR), and overarticulation (OA) on the vocal space of vocally healthy women (MVS) and with vocal nodules (MNV). Methods 12 women participated in the MNV and 12 women in the MVS, allocated to perform the vocal exercises of VSL, CAR, and OA. Each participant performed only one of the three proposed exercises, for 5 minutes, preceded and followed by recording a sequence of vehicle sentences for extracting formants (F1 and F2) from the vowel segments [a, i, u]. The vowel space was analyzed through the differences between the measures of the formants of the vowels. Results we observed a reduction of F1 in the interval [a]-[i] and [i]-[u] and of F2 between the vowels [a]-[u] and [i]-[u] in the MVS, after performing the CAR. In MNV, we observed a reduction of F2 in the interval [a]-[i] after VSL. In the intergroup analysis, there were higher F1 values between the intervals of the vowels [a]-[i] and [i]-[u] in the MVS, before performing the CAR, and after exercise only in the interval [a]-[i]. A higher value of F1 and F2 was observed in the interval between the vowels [i]-[u] in the MNV after VSL. Conclusion The VSL exercise reduced the vowel space in MNV women. CAR reduced the vocal space of women in the MVS. The MNV had a smaller vowel space compared to the MVS before and after the CAR. We observed a reduction in the vowel space in the MNV compared to the MNV after the VSL exercise.

Benefícios Previdenciários: análise de afastamentos no Brasil decorrentes do distúrbio de voz / Social Security Benefits: analysis of sick leaves in Brazil due to voice disorders / Beneficios de la seguridad social: análisis de la licencia en Brasil, producto de trastornos de la voz

Introdução: o trabalhador brasileiro, quando adoece, pode recorrer a diferentes tipos de auxílios nas previdências pública e privada para garantir recursos para ele e sua família. Objetivo: descrever a concessão de benefícios previdenciários aos segurados que se afastam do trabalho por distúrbio de voz e de laringe no Brasil. Métodos: levantamento de dados secundários (Sistema Único de Informações de Benefícios), referentes aos afastamentos no período de 2009 a 2017. Foram considerados os CID-10: C32 - Neoplasia maligna da laringe; J04 - Laringite e traqueíte agudas; J37 - Laringite e laringotraqueíte crônicas; J38 - Doença das cordas vocais e da laringe não classificadas em outra parte - e R49 - Distúrbios da voz. Benefícios: B31- Auxílio-doença previdenciário, B32- Aposentadoria por invalidez previdenciária, B91- Auxílio-doença acidentário, B92- Aposentadoria por invalidez acidentária. Foram consideradas as variáveis: sexo, faixa etária e CID-10. Resultados: mulheres (59,6%), faixa etária entre 31 a 55 anos (58,4%) e CID C32 e J38 (68,8%) foram mais frequentes. Dentre os benefícios, o B31 (78,7%) e B32 (10,5%) foram os mais concedidos. Conclusão: observou-se predominância da concessão dos benefícios previdenciários (B31) por doença comum, na faixa etária entre 31 a 55 anos. As mulheres afastam-se predominantemente com os CID J38.2 e R49, e homens pelo CID C32.

Introduction: the Brazilian worker, in the presence of illness, can use different types of social security benefits to protect resources for him and his family. Objective: to describe the granting of social security benefits to policyholders who leave work due to voice and laryngeal disorders in Brazil. Methods: survey of secondary data (Single Benefit Information System), referring to sick leave from 2009 to 2017. ICD-10 was considered: C32 - Malignant neoplasm of the larynx; J04 - Acute laryngitis and tracheitis; J37 - Chronic laryngitis and laryngotracheitis; J38 - Disease of the vocal cords and larynx not elsewhere classified - and R49 - Voice disorders. Benefits: B31- Pension sickness benefit, B32- Retirement due to social security disability, B91- Accident sickness allowance, B92- Retirement due to accidental disability. Gender, age groups and ICD-10 variables were considered. Results: Women (59.6%), aged between 31 and 55 years (58.4%) and CID C32 and J38 (68.8%) were more frequent. Among the benefits, B31 (78.7%) and B32 (10.5%) were the most granted. Conclusion: there was a predominance of the granting of social security benefits (B31) due to common illness in the age group between 31 and 55 years old. Women distance themselves predominantly with ICD J38.2 and R49, and men with ICD C32.

Introducción: el trabajador brasileño, en presencia de enfermedad, puede utilizar diferentes tipos de prestaciones de seguridad social para proteger los recursos para él y su família. Objetivo: describir el otorgamiento de prestaciones de seguridad social a asegurados que dejan el trabajo por trastornos de la voz y laringe en Brasil. Métodos: encuesta de datos secundarios (Sistema Único de Información de Beneficio), referido a la baja laboral de 2009 a 2017. Se consideraron CIE-10: C32 - Neoplasia maligna de laringe; J04 - Laringitis y traqueítis agudas; J37 - Laringitis y laringotraqueítis crónica; J38 - Enfermedad de las cuerdas vocales y laringe no clasificada en otra parte - y R49 - Trastornos de la voz. Prestaciones: B31- Pensión por enfermedad, B32- Jubilación por invalidez de la seguridad social, B91- Subsidio por accidente, B92- Jubilación por invalidez accidental. Se consideraron las variables sexo, grupo de edad y CIE-10. Resultados: las mujeres (59,6%), con edades comprendidas entre 31 a 55 años (58,4%) y CID C32 y J38 (68,8%) fueron más frecuentes. Entre los beneficios, B31 (78,7%) y B32 (10,5%) fueron los más otorgados. Conclusión: predominó el otorgamiento de prestaciones de seguridad social (B31) por enfermedad común, en el grupo de edad entre 31 y 55 años. Las mujeres se distancian predominantemente con ICD J38.2 y R49, y los hombres con ICD C32.

TBC laríngea: una localización poco común de la tuberculosis / Laryngeal tuberculosis: an unusual location for tuberculosis

Según datos de la OMS, la tuberculosis es una de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el mundo y es la primera causa de muerte por un agente infeccioso único. La incidencia de la tuberculosis ha disminuido por término medio un 1,5% anual desde el año 2000 sin embargo el impacto de la pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2 pudiera retardar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de nuevos casos de TB. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 26 años de edad quien consulta por presentar fiebre de predominio vespertino, pérdida de peso y disfonía de 6 meses de evolución. Los BK y cultivos de esputo seriados resultaron negativos. Es referido al Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía Facial del Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Gómez López donde se realiza una nasofibrolaringoscopía evidenciándose epiglotis con superficie de aspecto irregular que se extiende hasta aritenoides y zona interaritenoidea y bandas ventriculares edematizadas que no permiten visualizar repliegues vocales. Se realiza microcirugía laríngea para toma de biopsia reportando el estudio histopatológico proliferación de vasos neoformados, espacios intervasculares ocupados por macrófagos y linfocitos, presencia de múltiples lesiones nodulares formadas por macrófagos epiteloides rodeados por un halo de linfocitos y numerosas células gigantes de Langerhans. Se realiza el diagnóstico de tuberculosis laríngea y se inicia tratamiento antituberculoso(AU)

According to the WHO, tuberculosis represents one of the top ten causes of death worldwide and is the number one cause of death from a single infectious agent. The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased an average of 1.5% annually since the year 2000, however the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic could delay the diagnosis and treatment of new cases of TB. We report the case of a 26-year-old male who consulted for fever, weight loss and dysphonia with a duration of 6 months. BK and sputum cultures were negative for M. tuberculosis. The patient is referred to the Otorhinolaryngology and Facial Surgery Clinic of the Dr. Luis Gomez Lopez University Hospital where a nasofibrolaryngoscopy is performed showing an epiglottis with an irregular surface that extends to the arytenoids and interarytenoid zone and edematous ventricular bands that do not allow visualization of vocal folds. Laryngeal microsurgery is performed to obtain a biopsy sample. Histopathology reveals proliferation of newly formed vessels, intervascular spaces occupied by macrophages and lymphocytes, presence of multiple nodular lesions formed by epithelloid macrophages surrounded by a halo of lymphocytes and numerous giant Langerhans cells. Diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis is made and antituberculous treatment is initiated(AU)

Clinical Profile of Patients with Head and Neck Amyloidosis: A Single-Institution Retrospective Chart Review

Abstract Introduction Isolated amyloidosis involving the head and neck is a rare entity. The pathophysiology of the localized disease appears to be distinct from that of the systemic counterpart. Systemic progression of the localized disease is unusual, and the prognosis of the localized form is excellent. Objective To describe the demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients presenting with localized head and neck subsite amyloidosis. Methods A retrospective chart review of the patients with head and neck amyloidosis identified by the electronic search of the electronic database of the Departments of Pathology and Otorhinolaryngology was performed. The various demographic and clinical data were tabulated. Results In total, seven patients (four females, three males) with localized head and neck amyloidosis (three supraglottic, three lingual and one sinonasal) were identified. Six patients had AL-amyloid deposits, and one patient had AA-amyloid deposits. Supraglottic involvement and that of the base of the tongue were treated surgically using CO2 laser, and these patients were disease-free at the last follow-up. The patient with sinonasal amyloidosis experienced symptom recurrence after six months of the functional endoscopic sinus surgery. All of the patients were screened for systemic amyloidosis with abdominal fat pad biopsy, and were found to be free of systemic spread. Conclusion Isolated head and neck amyloidosis, as opposed to systemic amyloidosis, has an excellent prognosis in terms of survival. Therefore, systemic amyloidosis should be excluded in all cases. The treatment of choice remains surgical excision; however, watchful waiting may be a suitable strategy for mild symptoms or for cases in which the disease was discovered incidentally.

Caracterización de la disfonía en la población infantil en un centro de laringología en Bogotá, Colombia / Characterization of dysphonia in pediatric age in a laryngology center in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción: la disfonía en edad infantil está presente entre el 6 % al 23 % de los niños entre los 4-12 años y su estudio supone un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico debido a que los procedimientos actualmente utilizados requieren de una completa colaboración del paciente. En Colombia, hasta el momento, no se ha realizado un estudio sobre la caracterización de las principales patologías que causan disfonía en niños. Los hallazgos son similares a los reportados en la literatura mundial; sin embargo, los nódulos vocales no son la principal causa de disfonía en niños en nuestra población como se había reportado hasta ahora. Es por esto por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio es proporcionar los resultados de nuestra casuística en cuanto a patologías de cuerdas vocales en la población pediátrica con disfonía crónica (mayor a 4 semanas), que asisten a consulta externa de laringología en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá, Colombia, con el fin de conocer su frecuencia y características asociadas. Materiales y métodos: se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de tipo descriptivo, en el que se analizaron historias clínicas y estroboscópias realizadas a pacientes menores de 18 años con síntomas vocales crónicos (mayores a 4 semanas), que asistieron a consulta de laringología en los últimos 10 años. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis estadístico y descriptivo de las mismas. Resultados: se seleccionaron 141 pacientes; de estos, 73 % tuvo lesiones de ambos pliegues vocales, 9,9 % lesiones unilaterales y 16,3 % disfonía por tensión muscular primaria. La mayoría de las lesiones fueron adquiridas, con leve predominio en el pliegue vocal izquierdo y sexo masculino. La patología más prevalente fue el sulcus vocalis (17,37 %), seguido de la disfonía por tensión muscular primaria y nódulos vocales (13,22 %). El 41,06 % de los pacientes se catalogaron como abusadores de la voz, y dentro de este grupo, los nódulos vocales fueron más frecuentes. Discusión: se encontró una predominancia del sulcus vocalis, lo cual difiere con la literatura en la que, tradicionalmente, se describen los nódulos; en este estudio se encontró que estos estaban relacionados con el abuso de la voz en la mitad de los pacientes. Adicionalmente se identificó una relación entre la disfonía por tensión muscular y el canto, además de síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico en algunos niños. Conclusiones: este es el primer estudio de su tipo en Colombia y el segundo en Latinoamérica. Los hallazgos en general son consistentes con la literatura, siendo la única diferencia que la primera causa de disfonía fue el sulcus vocalis. Se encontró una relación entre los nódulos y los quistes con el abuso de la voz, lo que apoya la teoría de la naturaleza adquirida de estos últimos.

Introduction: dysphonia is present in 6 % to 23 % of children between 4-12 years of age and its study suppose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because the procedures currently used require a complete collaboration from de patient. In Colombia, a study on the characterization of the main pathologies that cause dysphonia in children has not been carried out so far. The findings are like those reported in the world literature, however, vocal nodules are not the main cause of dysphonia in children in our population as reported so far. The objective of this study is to provide our results in stroboscopies regarding pathologies of vocal cords in children with chronic dysphonia (more than 4 weeks) that attend to the laryngology service of the San Ignacio University Hospital, in Bogotá, Colombia, and compare them with the international literature. Materials and methods: we performed a retrospective descriptive study where a revision of clinical histories and stroboscopies of patients younger than 18 years with chronical voice symptoms (greater than 4 weeks) that assisted to a laryngology consultation at the San Ignacio University Hospital, in Bogotá, Colombia within the last 10 years was done. A statistical and descriptive analysis was made with the collected data. Results: 141 patients were selected, 73 % had bilateral vocal fold lesions, 9.9 % unilateral lesions and 16.3 % had primary muscle tension dysphonia. Most of the lesions where acquired, with a slight predominance for the left vocal fold and male sex. The most common finding was vocal sulcus (13.37 %), followed by muscle tension dysphonia and vocal nodules (13.2 %). 41.06 % of patients referred vocal abuse, and within this group, vocal nodules where most prevalent. Discussion: there was a predominance of vocal sulcus, this differs from the literature in which vocal nodules are the most frequent finding. In this study, vocal nodules where related to chronic voice abuse, which was referred by half of the patients. A relation between muscle tension dysphonia and singing was also observed, an important number of patients referred gastroesophageal reflux symptoms as well. Conclusions: this is the first study in Colombia and the second one in Latin America of its kind. The results are generally consistent with the literature, but the first cause of dysphonia in our study is vocal sulcus, as opposed to vocal nodules which are typically the most common cause. There was a relation between chronic voice abuse, vocal nodules and cysts, this supports the theory that cysts are acquired lesions and not congenital.

Ayudas diagnósticas en patología laríngea: imagen de banda estrecha (NBI) / Diagnostic tools in laringeal patology: narrow band imaging (NBI)

La imagen de banda estrecha (narrow band imaging, NBI) es un sistema de mejora de imagen desarrollado en Japón en 2001, que utiliza longitudes de onda filtradas a 415 nm y 540 nm que permiten la visualización de anomalías microvasculares asociadas a la carcinogénesis. En laringología, la NBI se usa para evaluar lesiones premalignas, detectar neoplasias primarias de origen desconocido en la cabeza y el cuello, diagnosticar y hacer un seguimiento de lesiones malignas después de la realización de un tratamiento endoscópico y/o con radioterapia, entre otros. En este artículo se presenta una revisión narrativa de la literatura, en la que se exponen los fundamentos técnicos de la NBI, los principios fisiológicos básicos, las clasificaciones actuales para describir los diferentes patrones vasculares y los usos principales descritos en laringología, así como un atlas de imágenes tomadas en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital de San José.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an image enhancement system developed in Japan in 2001, which uses wavelengths filtered at 415 nm and 540 nm that allow the visualization of microvascular anomalies, that have been associated with carcinogenesis. In laryngology, the NBI is used for the evaluation of premalignant lesions, detection of unknown primary neoplasm in head and neck, diagnosis and follow-up of malignant lesions after endoscopic treatment and/or with radiotherapy, among others. This narrative review of the literature is about technical foundations of the NBI, the basic physiological principles, the current classifications to describe the different vascular patterns and the main uses described in laryngology, as well as an atlas of images taken in the Otolaryngology service from the Hospital de San José.

Laringología en tiempos de COVID-19 / Laryngology in the COVID­19 era

El tracto aerodigestivo superior es un lugar donde se ha detectado alta concentración y tropismo por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Por esta razón, existe una alta probabilidad de infección nosocomial en la práctica de otorrinolaringología. Los procedimientos en laringología, para exploración y evaluación de la laringe y la faringe, representan un riesgo alto para los pacientes y el equipo médico. Dado esto, consideramos importante resaltar la cuidadosa selección de pacientes, el conocimiento claro del equipo de protección personal necesario, dependiendo de la actividad que deba realizarse, la desinfección correcta de los equipos y los cuidados generales para el personal de la salud y el paciente. Presentamos una serie de recomendaciones e indicaciones de procedimientos frecuentes y pertinentes de patologías relevantes, que pueden requerir una atención prioritaria o urgente, según criterio médico, en consultorio, sala de procedimientos o salas de cirugía.

The aerodigestive tract has been identified as a high concentration and tropism level location for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Hence, there is high risk of nosocomial infection during the practice of Otolaringology procedures. In view of this, we consider the importance to highlight the careful selection of patients as well as having into account the required equipment for personal protection for each procedure. Additionally, we give emphasis to the proper disinfection of the equipment and general safety precautions for health personnel and patients. In the following, we present a series of recommendations and indications of frequent and pertinent procedures for relevant pathologies that might require urgent approach in the office, procedure or operating room according to the physician's discretion.

Vocal Fold Polyps: Literature Review

Abstract Introduction Vocal fold polyps are one of themost frequent benign laryngeal lesions, impacting the quality of life of those affected by them, primarily the vocal production. Despite being a well-established therapy in conjunction with surgery, speech therapy alone may also be effective in treating these lesions. As such, otolaryngologists and speech therapists need updated bibliographic knowledge on the issue. Objective To describe the literature findings on vocal fold polyps that discuss prevalence, etiology, histology, physiopathology, vocal characteristics or treatment. Data Synthesis The present study is a review article based on a bibliographic search using platforms, databases and search engines, with no restrictions on means of publication, methodological quality or language. All the articles on vocal fold polyps pertaining to the object of study published in the past 15 years were included. Among the characteristics investigated, the most discussed were prevalence of men, smoking as an etiological cofactor, the possibility of histological differentiation from vocal nodules, the relationship with cover minor structural alterations, and the indication and effectiveness of different treatment options. Conclusion Despite the discrepancies found in the present literature review on vocal fold polyps, there has been a notable scientific progress in the otolaryngologic techniques and in the effectiveness of speech therapy as initial treatment, with direct and indirect techniques, corroborating the need for scientific investigation of the issue.

Lesiones vasculares de los pliegues vocales / Vascular lesions of the vocal folds

Introducción: las lesiones vasculares (LV) de los pliegues vocales hacen parte del grupo de alteraciones estructurales mínimas de la laringe. Se caracterizan por la presencia de disfonía refractaria, usualmente de difícil diagnóstico y manejo. Objetivos: describir las características clínico-demográficas y realizar una caracterización de los hallazgos quirúrgicos de los pliegues vocales en pacientes con LV atendidos en un centro de atención de IV nivel en Bogotá. Diseño: estudio observacional de corte transversal. Métodos: se revisaron los registros clínicos de pacientes con disfonía diagnosticados con lesiones vasculares por microlaringoscopia. Se observó la frecuencia y distribución de las lesiones vasculares según cada tipo de lesión y se describió la relación entre lesiones vasculares y otras patologías laríngeas. Resultados: se incluyeron 43 pacientes entre los 15 y 80 años. La distribución por género fue de 48,8 % hombres y 51,2 % mujeres. El 69,8 % de los pacientes eran profesionales de la voz. Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron disfonía (65,2 %) y fonastenia (27,9 %). La presentación de las LV en orden de frecuencia fue: disposición anómala de los vasos sanguíneos (42,9 %), várices (26,5 %), ectasia papilar (22,4 %) y hemorragia (8,2 %). Conclusión: los hallazgos sociodemográficos y la presentación clínica fueron similares a los reportados en otros estudios. La presentación con mayor frecuencia fue en profesionales de la voz, la cual estaba asociada con el abuso vocal; por lo tanto, es un posible factor causal de la aparición de LV de los pliegues vocales.

Introduction: the vascular lesions (VL) of the vocal folds form part of the group of minor structural alterations of the vocal fold, they are characterized by the presence of a refractory dysphonia that usually is of difficult diagnosis and treatment. Aim: describe demographic and clinical characteristics of this lesions and categorize the surgical finding in patients with VL of vocal folds diagnosed in an IVth level complexity hospital in Bogota. Methods: we reviewed the clinical records of patients with vascular lesions diagnosed by microlaryngoscopy. We observed the frequency and distribution of vascular lesions according to each type of injury and described the relationship between vascular lesions and other laryngeal lesions. Results: 43 patients were included, between 15 and 80 years old. Gender distribution was 48,8 % men and 51,2 % women. 69,8 % of patients were professional vocalist. The most prevalent symptoms were dysphonia (65,2 %) and vocal fatigue (27,9 %). The presentation of VL in order of frequency were: abnormal disposition of blood vessels (42,9 %) varices (26,5 %), papilar ectasia (22,4 %) and hemorraghe (8,2 %). Conclusions: the sociodemographic findings and clinical presentation of this disease were similar to the reported by other studies. The highest presentation was seen in professional vocalist associated with vocal abuse, this being a possible causal factor of the appearance of LV of the vocal folds.

Valoración ecográfica de la laringe fetal / Ultrasound evaluation of the fetal larynx

Introducción: el diagnóstico y tratamiento prenatal de múltiples enfermedades son posibles en la actualidad dado el conocimiento anatómico, el desarrollo tecnológico y la integración de varias áreas de la medicina. Objetivo: realizar la identificación ecográfica de la anatomía de la laringe fetal. Diseño: observacional descriptivo. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en ultrasonografías de laringes fetales de 10 gestantes en la segunda mitad del embarazo, durante la ecografía morfológica; se determinó la identificación de las estructuras, tales como epiglotis, aritenoides, pliegues vocales y su movilidad, subglotis, tráquea, división traqueoesofágica, diámetro de la subglotis y de la tráquea proximal. Resultados: lamedia de la edad gestacional de los fetos evaluados fue de 26 semanas (20-34+5) 50 % de sexo femenino y 50 % masculino; se logró la visualización de todas las estructuras laríngeas en 2D en el 100% de los casos, en ningún caso de la división traqueoesofágica. El movimiento de los pliegues vocales fue fácilmente reconocible en todos los casos. Conclusiones: aunque las alteraciones congénitas laríngeas representan una baja incidencia, es fundamental el desarrollo en el conocimiento de la anatomía laríngea desde el punto de vista fetal para su diagnóstico ecográfico y posible tratamiento temprano.

Objective: Prenatal diagnosis and treatment for multiple diseases are now possible thanks to the anatomic knowledge available, the technological development and the integration of different areas of medicine; the aim of this study was to identify through ultrasound the anatomy of the fetal larynx. Design: Descriptive study. Methods: a descriptive study with ultrasounds of 10 pregnant women's fetuses' larynges during the second half of their gestation was carried out, during the morphological ultrasound structures such as the epiglottis, arytenoids, vocal folds and their movement, subglottis, trachea, tracheoesophageal division, subglottis diameter and proximal trachea were identified. Results: The fetuses' gestational age median was 26 weeks (20-34+5), 50 % females, 50 % males. The visualization of all laryngeal structures in 2D was possible in 100 % of the cases; the tracheoesophageal division was not seen in any case. The movement of the vocal folds was easily identified in all cases. Conclusions: Even though laryngeal congenital anomalies show low incidence, the development of the larynx anatomic knowledge at the fetal stage is fundamental to early diagnose diseases, anomalies and disorders through ultrasound and have the possibility of recommending early treatments.

Principais patologias laríngeas em professores / Main laryngeal pathologies in teachers / Principales patologías laríngeas en profesores

Introdução: Os docentes estão expostos a diversos fatores de riscos ocupacionais, e acredita-se que qualidade vocal não está relacionada apenas com ausência de alteração, mas sim com bem-estar geral do indivíduo. Existem vários fatores que contribuem para o aparecimento de problemas vocais nos professores como: o uso inadequado da voz, competição vocal, sobrecarga vocal, hábitos inadequados como exemplo (cigarro e álcool). Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as principais alterações vocais em professores e consistiu em uma pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva de caráter qualitativo. Método: Realizou-se um levantamento da literatura nacional e internacional, publicada nos idiomas Inglês, Espanhol, Português entre 2007 e 2017. Foram selecionados por meio das bases de dados "Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde" (BVS) e "Scientific Electronic Library" (SciELO), utilizando-se os descritores, professores, patologias da voz, saúde vocal e prevenção. Resultados: Observou-se que as principais patologias encontradas foram os nódulos, pólipos, edema de Reinke, cisto e sulco vocal. A rouquidão é o principal sintoma descrito pelos docentes, mas é preciso se preocupar com os demais sintomas sendo eles: fadiga vocal, falhas na voz, falta de ar, ardência na garganta, esforço para falar. Conclusão: Verificou-se na literatura estudada a sugestão de adotar uma política pública de saúde com o objetivo de educar e conscientizar os docentes quanto a noções de higiene vocal, estratégias de comunicação, economia vocal e valorização da profissão, que são ferramentas necessárias para diminuir os índices elevados de docentes com algum tipo de alteração vocal.

Introduction: Teachers are exposed to several occupational risk factors, and it is believed that vocal quality is related not only to absence of change, but to general well-being of the individual. There are several factors that contribute to the development of vocal problems in teachers such as: inadequate use of voice, vocal competition, vocal overload, inappropriate habits as an example (cigarette and alcohol). Objective: This study aimed to analyze the main vocal changes in teachers and consisted of a descriptive bibliographical research of a qualitative nature. Method: A survey of the national and international literature was published in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2007 and 2017. The descriptors, teachers, voice pathologies, and vocal health were selected using the "Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde" (BVS) and "Scientific Electronic Library" (SciELO) databases. Results: It was observed that the main pathologies found were nodules, polyps, Reinke's edema, cyst and vocal groove. Hoarseness is the main symptom described by the teachers, but it is necessary to worry about the other symptoms being: vocal fatigue, voice failures, shortness of breath, burning throat, effort to speak. Conclusion: It was verified in the studied literature the suggestion of adopting a public health policy with the objective of educating and making teachers aware of notions of vocal hygiene, communication strategies, vocal economy and valorization of the profession are necessary tools to reduce the indices of teachers with some type of vocal alteration.

Introducción: Los docentes están expuestos a diversos factores de riesgo ocupacional, y se cree que calidad vocal no está relacionada sólo con ausencia de alteración, sino con el bienestar general del individuo. Hay varios factores que contribuyen a la aparición de problemas vocales en los profesores como: el uso inadecuado de la voz, competencia vocal, sobrecarga vocal, hábitos inadecuados como ejemplo (cigarrillo y alcohol). Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las principales alteraciones vocales en profesores y consistió en una investigación bibliográfica, descriptiva de carácter cualitativo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de la literatura nacional e internacional, publicado en los idiomas Inglés, español, portugués entre 2007 y 2017 fueron seleccionados a través de bases de datos "Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde" (BVS) y "Scientific Electronic Library" (SciELO), utilizando los descriptores, los maestros, las enfermedades de la voz, salud vocal y prevención. Resultados: Se observó que las principales patologías encontradas fueron los nódulos, pólipos, edema de Reinke, quiste y surco vocal. La ronquera es el principal síntoma descrito por los docentes, pero hay que preocuparse por los demás síntomas que son: fatiga vocal, fallas en la voz, falta de aire, ardor en la garganta, esfuerzo para hablar. Conclusión: Se verificó en la literatura estudiada la sugerencia de adoptar una política pública de salud con el objetivo de educar y concientizar a los docentes en cuanto a nociones de higiene vocal, estrategias de comunicación, economía vocal y valorización de la profesión son herramientas necesarias para disminuir los índices altos de docentes con algún tipo de alteración vocal.